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UPSC TISSUE CULTURE PLANTS - English

TISSUE CULTURE PLANTS

Why in News?

Recently, the Centre through the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) conducted a webinar on “Export Promotion of Tissue Culture Plants’’.

About

Tissue Culture - It is the production of new plants from a small piece of plant tissue or cells removed from the growing tips of a plant in a suitable growth medium.

In this process the growth medium or culture solution is very important as it is used for growing plant tissue because it contains various plant nutrients in the form of ‘jelly’ known as agar and plant hormones which are necessary for the growth of plants.

Uses of Plant Tissue Culture-

• To study the respiration and metabolism of plants.
• For the evaluation of organ functions in plants.
• To study the various plant diseases and work out methods-for their elimination.
• Single cell clones are useful for genetic, morphological and pathological studies.
• Embryonic cell suspensions can be used for large scale clonal propagation.
• Somatic embryos from cell suspensions can be stored for long term in germplasm banks.
• In the production of variant clones with new characteristics, a phenomenon referred to as somaclonal variations.
• Production of haploids (with a single set of chromosomes) for improving crops.
• Mutant cells can be selected from cultures and used for crop improvement.
• Immature embryos can be cultured in vitro to produce hybrids, a process referred to as embryo rescue.

Prsopects of  Tissue Culture

• India is bestowed with knowledge, biotech experts with vast tissue culture experience as well as with a low-cost labour force to help produce export-oriented quality planting material.
• All these factors make India a potential global supplier of an extended and diversified range of quality flora to the international market and, in turn, earn foreign exchange.
• APEDA is running a Financial Assistance Scheme (FAS) to help laboratories upgrade themselves so as to produce export quality tissue culture planting material.
• The top ten countries importing tissue culture plants from India are: Netherlands, USA, Italy, Australia, Canada, Japan, Kenya, Senegal, Ethiopia and Nepal.
• In 2020-2021, India’s exports of tissue culture plants stood at USD17.17 million, with the Netherlands accounting for around 50% of the shipments.

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