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1.  
Which conclusion definitely follows from "All coins are notes"?

Correct Answer: D [Some notes are coins]

Explanation:

"All" converts to "Some": every coin is a note, so some notes are coins.

2.  
Which conclusion definitely follows from "Some cards are wallets"?

Correct Answer: C [Some wallets are cards]

Explanation:

"Some" converts to "Some" with the terms swapped.

3.  
Which conclusion definitely follows from "No loan is a bond"?

Correct Answer: A [No bond is a loan]

Explanation:

"No" converts to "No": if no loan is a bond, no bond is a loan.

4.  
Statement: Only a few banks are branches. Which of the following is definitely FALSE?

Correct Answer: B [All banks are branches]

Explanation:

"Only a few" = some are and some are not; so "All banks are branches" can never be true.

5.  
Fill in the blank: All pens are inks + No ink is a file ⇒ ______

Correct Answer: C [No pen is a file]

Explanation:

Pens lie inside inks, and inks are fully outside files, so pens are outside files: All + No = No.

6.  
Statements: All rings are metals. All metals are solids.
Conclusions: I. All rings are solids. II. Some solids are rings.

Correct Answer: C [Both I and II follow]

Explanation:

All + All = All: rings ⊂ metals ⊂ solids; then "All rings are solids" converts to "Some solids are rings".

7.  
Statements: Some trains are buses. All buses are cars.
Conclusions: I. All trains are cars. II. Some cars are trains.

Correct Answer: B [Only II follows]

Explanation:

Some + All = Some: the trains that are buses are cars, so some cars are trains; not all trains need be cars.

8.  
Statements: All pens are inks. All inks are files.
Conclusions: I. All files are pens. II. Some pens are not files.

Correct Answer: D [Neither I nor II follows]

Explanation:

Only "All pens are files" follows; I reverses an "All" (not allowed) and II contradicts it.

9.  
Statements: No hill is a river. Some rivers are lakes.
Conclusions: I. Some lakes are not hills. II. No hill is a lake.

Correct Answer: A [Only I follows]

Explanation:

No + Some (reversed): the lakes that are rivers are not hills, so some lakes are not hills; II is only possible.

10.  
Statements: All seeds are plants. No plant is a rock. The conclusion "Some seeds are rocks" is:

Correct Answer: B [Definitely false]

Explanation:

Seeds lie inside plants, which are fully outside rocks – no seed can be a rock, so it is definitely false.

11.  
Statement: Some apples are fruits. The conclusion "All apples are fruits" is:

Correct Answer: C [Possible, but not definite]

Explanation:

"Some" does not rule out "all" – the circle of apples may lie wholly inside fruits, but it need not.

12.  
Statements: Some desks are chairs. Some chairs are stools. Which is definitely true about desks and stools?

Correct Answer: A [No definite conclusion]

Explanation:

Some + Some gives no definite conclusion: the two "some" parts of chairs need not meet.

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