UPSC Environment and Ecology – Chapter 19: The Global Climate Regime – UNFCCC to Paris (29 MCQs)

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UPSC Environment and Ecology – Chapter 19: The Global Climate Regime – UNFCCC to Paris (29 MCQs) – 29 questions, subject: Environment. Every question has the correct answer with a one-line explanation; tap "Show Answer". Free practice for TNPSC, UPSC, SSC, Bank and RRB exams – Shanmugam IAS Academy, Coimbatore.

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1.  

The UNFCCC entered into force in:

Correct Answer: A [1994]

Explanation:

21 March 1994.

2.  

Under the UNFCCC, the countries obliged to provide finance and technology to developing countries are listed in:

Correct Answer: C [Annex II]

Explanation:

Annex II lists the OECD members of Annex I, which must provide finance and technology to developing countries.

3.  

The Kyoto Protocol entered into force in:

Correct Answer: C [2005]

Explanation:

Adopted at COP3 in 1997, the Kyoto Protocol entered into force only on 16 February 2005, after enough ratifications.

4.  

Certified Emission Reductions are earned under the:

Correct Answer: D [Clean Development Mechanism]

Explanation:

The Clean Development Mechanism lets Annex I countries earn Certified Emission Reductions from projects in developing countries.

5.  

The Green Climate Fund was set up at:

Correct Answer: B [COP16, Cancún (2010)]

Explanation:

COP16 at Cancún in 2010 set up the Green Climate Fund under the UNFCCC and formalised the US$100 billion goal.

6.  

The Paris Agreement entered into force on:

Correct Answer: B [4 November 2016]

Explanation:

Adopted on 12 December 2015, the Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016, less than a year later.

7.  

The first global stocktake under the Paris Agreement was concluded at:

Correct Answer: D [COP28, Dubai]

Explanation:

The first global stocktake under Article 14 concluded at COP28, Dubai, in 2023, calling for transitioning away from fossil fuels.

8.  

Under the NCQG agreed at COP29, developed countries are to provide at least:

Correct Answer: C [US$300 billion a year by 2035]

Explanation:

The NCQG adopted at COP29, Baku, sets at least US$300 billion a year by 2035, with developed countries taking the lead.

9.  

Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes are traded under:

Correct Answer: A [Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement]

Explanation:

Article 6.2 allows countries to transfer Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes through bilateral cooperative approaches.

10.  

The Warsaw International Mechanism deals with:

Correct Answer: D [loss and damage]

Explanation:

The Warsaw International Mechanism, set up at COP19 in 2013, is the UNFCCC institution for loss and damage.

11.  

Assertion (A): The Paris Agreement covers mitigation by all countries, unlike the Kyoto Protocol.

Reason (R): Under the Paris Agreement every Party prepares and communicates a nationally determined contribution.

Correct Answer: A [Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A]

Explanation:

Paris requires every Party to prepare and communicate an NDC, which is exactly why its mitigation covers all countries.

12.  

The Glasgow Climate Pact adopted at COP26 (2021) called for accelerating efforts towards the phasedown of:

Correct Answer: D [unabated coal power]

Explanation:

The Glasgow Climate Pact called for accelerating efforts towards the phasedown of unabated coal power.

13.  

The decision of COP30 at Belém was called the:

Correct Answer: A [Global Mutirão]

Explanation:

COP30's main cover decision, adopted at Belém on 22 November 2025, was titled the Global Mutirão.

14.  

COP31 in 2026 is to be held at:

Correct Answer: A [Antalya]

Explanation:

COP31 is to be held at Antalya, Türkiye, in November 2026, with Australia as President of Negotiations.

15.  

The Climate Group runs which of the following corporate initiatives?

Correct Answer: B [RE100 and EP100]

Explanation:

The Climate Group runs corporate networks such as RE100 for renewable power and EP100 for energy productivity.

16.  

The Global Climate Change Alliance is an initiative of the:

Correct Answer: D [European Union]

Explanation:

The Global Climate Change Alliance, now GCCA+, is a European Union initiative supporting climate action in developing countries.

17.  

Arrange in chronological order:

1. Paris Agreement adopted
2. Kyoto Protocol adopted
3. Green Climate Fund set up
4. NCQG agreed at Baku

Select the correct order:

Correct Answer: C [2-3-1-4]

Explanation:

1997, 2010, 2015, 2024.

18.  

The Green Climate Fund is headquartered at:

Correct Answer: A [Songdo, South Korea]

Explanation:

The Green Climate Fund's secretariat is located at Songdo, Incheon, in the Republic of Korea.

19.  

The COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health is:

Correct Answer: D [voluntary and non-binding]

Explanation:

The COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health is a voluntary political declaration that creates no legal obligations.

20.  

Consider the following about the Paris Agreement:

1. It aims at holding warming well below 2 °C and pursuing 1.5 °C.
2. NDCs are to be updated every five years.
3. It sets binding emission targets only for developed countries.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Correct Answer: B [1 and 2 only]

Explanation:

Statements 1 and 2 are true: Article 2 sets the well below 2 °C and 1.5 °C goal, and NDCs come every five years.

21.  
UPSC Prelims 2025

Consider the following statements:

Statement I: At the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28), India refrained from signing the Declaration on Climate and Health.

Statement II: The COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health is a binding declaration.

Statement III: If India's health sector is decarbonized, the resilience of its healthcare system may be compromised.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Correct Answer: C [Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I]

Explanation:

the declaration is non-binding.

22.  
UPSC Prelims 2025

Consider the following statements:

Statement I: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change is frequently discussed in global discussions on sustainable development and climate change.

Statement II: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change sets out the principles of carbon markets.

Statement III: Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change intends to promote inter-country non-market strategies to reach their climate targets.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Correct Answer: A [Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I]

Explanation:

Article 6 covers carbon markets (6.2, 6.4) and non-market approaches (6.8), and both features explain why it is widely discussed.

23.  
UPSC Prelims 2022

"Climate Action Tracker" which monitors the emission reduction pledges of different countries is a :

Correct Answer: A [Database created by coalition of research organisations]

Explanation:

Climate Action Tracker is an independent database built by a coalition of research organisations to track countries' climate pledges.

24.  
UPSC Prelims 2022

Consider the following statements:

1. "The Climate Group" is an international non-profit organization that drives climate action by building large networks and runs them.
2. The International Energy Agency in partnership with the Climate Group launched a global initiative "EP100".
3. EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals.
4. Some Indian companies are members of EP100.
5. The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the "Under2 Coalition".

Which of the statements given above are correct ?

Correct Answer: B [1, 3 and 4 only]

Explanation:

Statements 1, 3 and 4 are true; EP100 was not launched with the IEA, and the Climate Group, not the IEA, runs Under2.

25.  
UPSC Prelims 2017

With reference to 'Global Climate Change Alliance', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. It is an initiative of the European Union.
2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets.
3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Correct Answer: A [1 and 2 only]

Explanation:

The GCCA is an EU initiative giving technical and financial support to developing countries; WRI and WBCSD do not coordinate it.

26.  
UPSC Prelims 2016

The term 'Intended Nationally Determined Contributions' is sometimes seen in the news in the context of

Correct Answer: B [plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change]

Explanation:

INDCs were the climate action plans countries outlined before COP21, which became NDCs on joining the Paris Agreement.

27.  
UPSC Prelims 2016

Consider the following pairs:

Terms sometimes seen in the news — Their origin

1. Annex-I Countries : Cartagena Protocol
2. Certified Emissions Reductions : Nagoya Protocol
3. Clean Development Mechanisms: Kyoto Protocol

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Correct Answer: C [3 only]

Explanation:

Only pair 3 matches: the CDM comes from the Kyoto Protocol, while Annex-I is a UNFCCC term and CERs a Kyoto term.

28.  
UPSC Prelims 2016

With reference to the agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. The agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN, and it will go into effect in 2017.
2. The agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Correct Answer: B [2 only]

Explanation:

Only statement 2 is true: the Agreement aims at well below 2 °C and pursuing 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels.

29.  
UPSC Prelims 2015

Which of the following statements regarding 'Green Climate Fund' is/are correct?

1. It is intended to assist developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change.
2. It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECD, Asian Development Bank and World Bank.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Correct Answer: A [1 only]

Explanation:

Only statement 1 is true: the GCF helps developing countries with adaptation and mitigation and was set up under the UNFCCC.

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